Interview by Bruce A. Percelay and Cris Farley
Photos by Nathan Coe
Born with the name Cousteau, Philippe Cousteauâs destiny was clear at an early age. He made his first ocean dive at age 11 and eagerly embraced his familyâs legacy and relationship with the sea.
The BP oil disaster has catapulted Cousteau into the limelight, as he has become the go-to person on network television with his reports from the Gulf on the leak and the environmental devastation that is occurring in its wake.
Cousteauâs passion is his non-profit foundation, EarthEcho International, which was designed to educate young people about the environment, a cause that he believes keeps alive the legacy of his late father Philippe, Sr. and grandfather, Jacques. In an interview which took place on a boat while touring Nantucket harbor, N Magazine heard Cousteauâs chilling account of the disaster and its possible implications for Nantucket.
N Mag: Philippe can you tell us just a little bit about your background.
PC: I was born in Santa Monica, California. My mother is second generation Californian. I was raised mostly in the United States but we lived in Paris for some time. My father, Philippe senior, died six months before I was born.
N Mag: Where did you gain your experience as a diver and a student of the sea?
PC: I grew up engaged in conservation and then working with scientists and explorers and ex-crew members of my father and my grandfatherâs. And it was a life experience and it really engaged me.
N Mag: When did you start to dive?
PC: The first time I ever went diving by myself was on a coral reef when I was 11. For many years before, I would breathe through regulators in the Mediterranean floating on the surface.
N Mag: Can you tell us about the nonprofit environmental organization that you founded?
PC: My father and my grandfather believed so much in the next generation that we started an organization called Earth Echo International designed to revolutionize environmental education in this country. Our goal is to work with a whole new generation to get them engaged and give them the tools to take action in their communities. Weâre gearing up to be one of the largest environmental education and service organizations in the country.
N Mag: You have a virtual army of budding environmentalists in your school program. Can they actually make a difference?
PC: Kids have the power to do anything. From organizing capaigns to clean up rivers, to raising money to build renewable energy facilities at their schools and even to get laws passed. Last year, we worked with three young men from Iowa who found out that lead weights used to balance car wheels are toxic. As a result, tremendous amount of lead pollution occurs in this country from wheel weights. They passed a law in Iowa introduced by these 13-year-old boys that phases out all lead wheel weights on all state vehicles and the EPA cited that project as one of the reasons they are changing their position on lead-weighted vehicles nationally.
N Mag: What is your biggest fear in the aftermath of the spill and your most optimistic hope?
PC: My biggest fear is that no lessons will be learned and the paradigm will not change.This oil spill is a symptom of a bigger problem. Itâs not the spill itself; itâs the problem of excess in this country. We use enough plastic water bottles every year to power nine million cars. We want huge portions of food that we end up throwing away half of and we want massive homes and multi-vehicle garages. This all comes at a price.
My greatest hope is when I look into the eyes of elementary school kids I see the anger at what they have been robbed of by our arrogance, indifference and selfishness and how much they want to change the world around them.
N Mag: You have become one of the go-to people on the Gulf oil disaster. Explain your first experience down there and what you saw diving near the spill site.
PC: As we lowered ourselves through the surface layer of thick orange sludge, a world unlike any I have ever seen appeared in front of me. It was the consistancy and color of watery tomato soup with chunks of concentrated pieces of chemical dispursant in oil that had coagulated. All this was punctuated by dead fish, jellyfish, oil covered sargassum and seaweed which danced around in the surface current which confirmed our worst fears. I knew that this catastrophe would be more devasting than anyone realized.
N Mag: The leak may finally be under control but how do you assess the damage to the environment?
PC: The leak was so severe and so deep, that it is possible we will completely wipe out species of sea life that we never knew existed. Much of this yearâs generation of shrimp and fish may be wiped out, because the eggs that are being layed in the water are very fragile to the toxic oil, this die-off, which will obviously have huge long-term implications. In addition, 40% of the wetlands in the United States in the lower 48 states exist along the coast of Louisiana and are at risk from this spill. 500 million migrating birds fly through that region every year and now we are starting hurricane season, which could have additional impact. Tens of thousands of people rely on this ecosystem, from fishermen to tourist operators, bringing in billions of dollars to our national economy. There is no good scenario; it is an unmitigated disaster. making it roughly an Exxon Valdez every 5 to 6 days. That means the spill has already exceeded 100 million gallons.
N Mag: What is the scenario where Nantucket could be affected?
PC: Well, this has never happened before, but the Gulf Stream swings past the coast of Florida at its narrowest point between Bimini and Florida, which is about 60 miles. There is a circular loop current that runs through the Gulf of Mexico and can pick up some of this oil and carry it out into the Gulf Stream. Now at this point itâs unlikely that it would reach Nantucket, but because it is in the Gulf Stream, it is possible. Itâs a big ocean and thereâs a lot of area out there; however, currents are very powerful and carry oil and objects a great distance. Iâve seen flip-flops on the beaches of the Arctic and in the fjords in northern Norway before. Clearly, nobody wears flip-flops up there. Itâs absolutely conceivable to have ocean currents carry debris and pollution, like oil, great distances. We just donât know because this is unprecedented.
N Mag: At this moment, what is the size of the spill in relation to the Valdez?
PC: Exxon Valdez was 11 million gallons in 1989, confined only to the surface. This spill has spewed almost 2 million gallons a day, making it roughly an Exxon Valdez every 5 to 6 days. That means the spill has already exceeded 100 million gallons.
N Mag: The passage of legislation that has just allowed the creation of a Nantucket Sound wind farm has come at a rather interesting point. A large number of Nantucketers were opposed to the wind farm, at least before the BP spill. What are your thoughts about having wind power based in public waters?
PC: Not surprisingly, I am 100% in support of the wind farm. Weâre 20 years behind Europe, which has deployed offshore wind safely and effectively. Iâve seen the reports coming out of Denmark tracking migrating birds that show the birds fly around the towers. What people have to remember is that if itâs not a windmill, itâs another coal-fired power plant. You may not be able to see the results of coal and oil and gas in the air but it is there, polluting our environment and contributing to disease.
N Mag: What is your impression of Nantucket from an environmental perspective?
PC: Itâs easy to see just what a precious gem this is in the middle of the Atlantic. Iâve been to a lot of places in this country and in this world that have not nearly this beautiful environment. People have to protect it aggressively. Itâs a gift Nantucketers should not take for granted.
N Mag: Thank you very much.